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1、Pzoua1soosQo=qndPaZ一一0namsoosQo=qndAGrowingCrisis:Work5Workers5andWe11beinginMyanmarwor1dBankgroupPoverty&EquityMay2023DocumentoftheWor1dBankProducedbythePovertyandEquityG1oba1PracticeEquitab1eGrowth,FinanceandInstitutionsVicePresidencyEastAsiaandPacificRegion.2023Internationa1BankforReconstructiona
2、ndDeve1opment/TheWor1dBank1818HStreetNWWashingtonDC20433Te1ephone:202-473-1000Internet:ThisworkisaproductofthestaffofTheWor1dBankwithexterna1contributions.Thefindings,interpretations,andconc1usionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessari1yref1ecttheviewsofTheWor1dBank,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegove
3、rnmentstheyrepresent.TheWor1dBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracy,comp1eteness,orcurrencyofthedatainc1udedinthisworkanddoesnotassumeresponsibi1ityforanyerrors,omissions,ordiscrepanciesintheinformation,or1iabi1itywithrespecttotheuseoforfai1uretousetheinformation,methods,processes,orconc1usionssetforth.The
4、boundaries,co1ors,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisworkdonotimp1yanyjudgmentonthepartofTheWor1dBankconcerningthe1ega1statusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.Nothinghereinsha11constituteorbeconstruedorconsideredtobea1imitationuponorwaiveroftheprivi1egesandi
5、mmunitiesofTheWor1dBank,a11ofwhicharespecifica11yreserved.RightsandPermissionsThemateria1inthisworkissubjecttocopyright.BecauseTheWor1dBankencouragesdisseminationofitsknow1edge,thisworkmaybereproduced,inwho1eorinpart,fornoncommercia1purposesas1ongasfu11attributiontothisworkisgiven.Anyqueriesonrights
6、and1icenses,inc1udingsubsidiaryrights,shou1dbeaddressedtoWor1dBankPub1ications,TheWor1dBankGroup,1818HStreetNWzWashington,DC20433zUSA;fax:202-522-2625;e-mai1:PUbriRhtSwOr1dbank.orAttribution-P1easecitetheworkasfo11ows:SinhaRoy,Sutirtha;Demarchi,Giorgia;Rhoads,E1izabeth.2023.AGrowingCrisis:Work,Worke
7、rs,andWe11beinginMyanmar?Washington,DC:Wor1dBank.Coverphoto:SasinTipchaifromPixabay.Retrievedfromburma-rice-crust-1822493/Acknow1edgementTheauthorsgratefu11yacknow1edgesupportfromMariamShermanzHassanZamanandRinkuMurgai.TheauthorsthankKimA1anEdwards,YashodhanGhorpadezKemohMansarayandVa1ensMwumvanezaf
8、ortheirva1uab1ereviewcomments.Additiona1thanksto1win1winAung,ChanAyeMyintandRoyvanderWeideforsupportingdataco11ectionactivitiesandto1enaHarrisforexce11entresearchassistance.Theauthorsarea1sothankfu1toBartMintenandIanMasiasfromIFPRIforprovidingaccesstoMHWSdata.ExecutiveSummaryMyanmar,seconomyhasbeena
9、ffectedbynumerousinterna1andexterna1shockssince2023.MyanmarzStransitiontoanopenmarketeconomyin2011prope11editsGDPpercapitaby52percentbetween2012and2019andcausedpovertytofa11from42.4to24.8percentbetween2010and2017.However,theCovid-19pandemicandsubsequentmi1itarycouphavenowreversedthesegains.Estimates
10、ofrea1GDPpercapitagrewby2percentin2023andfe11by18.4percentin2023ztheyearofmi1itarycoup.Economicgrowthrecoveredtoatepid3percentinthefo11owingyear,suggestingthatoutput1eve1saresti11we11be1ow20191eve1s.ThisreporttakesstockoftheeffectoftheseshocksonMyanmarzSworkersandtheirwe11-beingusingare1iab1enewsour
11、ceofhouseho1ddata.Thereportcomparesemp1oymentindicatorsfrom2017and2023tospot1ighttheextentofadversityfacedbyworkersandhouseho1ds.Emp1oymentindicatorsfor2017arebasedonofficia1Myanmar1ivingConditionsSurvey(M1CS)data.However,noofficia1dataexistsafter2023.AnewsetofsurveystheMyanmarSubnationa1PhoneSurvey
12、(MSPS)conductedbytheWor1dBankarenowfi11ingthisknow1edgegap.MSPSprovidesre1iab1eemp1oymentindicatorsatthesub-nationa11eve1for2023thatarecomparab1ewithbase1ineofficia1datafrom2017.MSPSprovidesre1iab1eemp1oymentindicatorsatthesubnationa11eve1for2023thatarecomparab1ewithbase1ineofficia1datafrom2017.MSPS
13、,1argesamp1eof8500househo1ds,coveringapproximate1y95percentofMyanmarspopu1ationacrossa11statesandregions,ensuresthata1mosteverydemographicgroupisproportiona11yrepresentedinthisstudy.Whi1eanchoredintheMSPS,thisreportcomp1ementsquantitativedatawithqua1itativeinsightsfromtheCommunityWe1fareMonitoringSu
14、rveys,inparticu1artheMarch2023round,conductedbytheWor1dBanksince2023.1aborforceparticipationandemp1oymentrateinMyanmarfe11by1.6and4.8percentagepoints,respective1y,between2017and2023Throughthisdocument,werefertoemp1oymentrateastheshareofemp1oyedindividua1sinthepopu1ation(withages15andabove).A1though9
15、mi11ionpeop1ewereaddedtoMyanmar,sworkingagebetween2017and2023duetonorma1popu1ationgrowth,on1y2.5mi11ionma1esand0.8mi11ionfema1eswereaddedtoits1aborforce.Fema1eemp1oymentinMyanmarhasparticu1ar1ysufferedinrecentyears.Comparedtomen,adu1tfema1esaremore1ike1ytobeoutofthe1aborforce,more1ike1ytobeunemp1oye
16、d,andmore1ike1ytobeoutofeducationortraining.Ma1eworkerswerepartia11yprotectedbytheireducationandworkexperience.Emp1oymentratesformenwithuptomidd1eschoo11eve1ofeducationfe11inthepastha1fdecade,butthosewithhighschoo1orco11egeeducationeitherincreasedorhe1dtheiremp1oymentrateatparwith20171eve1s.Fema1eworkerswithco11egeorhigher1eve1sofeducation,incontrast,experiencedafa11intheemp1oymentrateduringthistime.Incidenceof“Noti
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