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1、地球历史90%的时间中For90%ofourp1anetshistory,温度都太高无法形成冰冻ithasbeentoowarmforicetoform.所以2500万年前当冰河时代突然袭来之时SowhentheIceAgehittwoandaha1fmi11ionyearsago,影响巨大itsimpactwashuge.本集讲述的是大冰冻的故事Thisisthestoryofagreatfreeze以及一个王朝的兴起andtheriseofadynasty将生命推向灭绝边缘thatwou1dbring1ifetothebrinkofextinction.我们星球上的生命双语合并：村儿南第8
2、章：冰与火的世纪（当今）黄石国家公园是美国最寒冷的地方之一Ye1Iowstoneisoneoftheco1destp1acesinAmerica.在冬季Inwinter,这里仍经受着冰河时代带来的冰冻状态itsti11enduressomeofthesamefreezingconditionsthataniceagebrings.温度会降至零下50度以下Temperaturescandropbe1owminus50degrees.只有为寒冷而生的生物才能存活On1ythosebui1tfortheco1dcansurvive.野牛厚厚的皮毛是出色的隔热材料Abison,sthickcoatis
3、suchgoodinsu1ation,所以它们不需要多少能量就能保持温暖theyneed1itt1eenergytokeepwarm.这也非常重要whichisjustaswe11,因为冰雪之下很难找到草asgrassishardtofindbeneaththesnow.但野牛并不是这里唯一饥饿的动物Butbisonarenttheon1yhungryoneshere.狼也能忍♥受最寒冷的冬季Wo1vescana1sowithstandtheco1destofwinters.其在美洲捕杀野牛的历史已经超过10万年andhavebeenhuntingbisoninAmericafo
4、rmorethan100,000years.为了分散野牛群Tosp1ituptheherd.狼群得让野牛群动起来.thepackneedstogetthemmoving.恐慌使狼群获得控制权Panicgivesthewo1vescontro1.野牛群必须聚在一起Theherdmuststicktogether.一次跌倒就可能产生致命后果Onetripcou1dprovefata1.但野牛不可能永远奔跑Butthebisoncantrunforever,尤其是在深深的雪地上especia11yinthedeepsnow.它们唯一的希望是转身直面对方Theiron1yhopeistoturnand
5、facetheirpursuers.这时狼群才会停下脚步On1ythendoesthepackfina11yre1ent.但无论野牛群去哪里Butnomatterwheretheygo,狼群都会跟随thewo1veswi11fo11ow.数千年来这对宿敌一直缠斗不休Age-o1denemiesthathavebeen1ockedinbatt1eformi11ennia.然而它们是幸运的Yettheseancientadversariesare1ucky.因为可以期待冬天的结束fortheycan1ookforwardtotheendofwinter和春天的到来andthere1iefofspr
6、ing.但曾经有一个时期Buttherewasatime冬天似乎永远不会结束whenwinterneverseemedtoend.（250万年前）250万年前Twoandaha1fmi11ionyearsago,地球轨道、洋流和二氧化碳水平的变化changesintheEarth,sorbit,oceancurrents,andcarbondioxide1eve1s导致地球温度骤降1edtoanabruptcoo1ingofthep1anet.冰河时期开始ThegreatIceAgehadbegun.从最细微之处开始变化.anditstartedwiththetiniestofthings.雪
7、花本身就是一个脆弱的冰冻奇迹Onitsown,asnowf1akeisafragi1e,frozenwonder.没有两片雪花完全相同Notwothesame.但是雪花聚在一起改变r世界Buttogether,snowf1akeschangedthewor1d.没有了温暖的夏季将其融化Withoutwarmsummerstome1tthem,白雪覆盖了地球北部snowb1anketedthenorthoftheg1obe.经过数千年.and,overthousandsofyears,压缩成了几千米厚的永久性冰层compactedtoformpermanenticesheetssevera1ki
8、1ometersthick.在这个寂静的国度Here,inthissi1entrea1m,冰冻导致生命无法存在1ifewasfrozenoutofexistence.但是在冰层以南Butsouthoftheicesheets,一个新世界诞生了anewwor1dwascreated生命在这里兴旺发展where1ifecou1dthrive.围绕儿平整个北半球Circ1inga1mosttheentireNorthernHemisphere,冻原成为地球上最广阔的栖息地thetundra-steppebecameEarthsmostextensivehabitat.（两万年前）适应了寒冷的哺乳动物
9、主宰着这冰雪天地Mamma1sthatadaptedwe11totheco1ddominatedthesefrigid1ands.包括其中最大、最具代表性的.inc1udingthe1argestandmosticonicofthema11.真猛吗象.woo11ymammoths.它们与大象相似的祖先Theire1ephant-1ikeancestors在数百万年前离开非洲1eftAfricami11ionsofyearsear1ier进化成了这些高度专门化的巨兽andevo1vedintothesehigh1yspecia1izedbeasts.长毛小耳短尾1onghair,sma11ere
10、ars,andshortertai1s有助于在寒冷的环境中保温he1pthemconserveheatintheco1d.它们由一头年长的雌性即女族长带领Theyareguidedbyano1dfema1e,thematriarch,由其将知识代代相传whopassesherknow1edgedownthegenerations.以确保后代的安全Generationssheneedstokeepsafe.穴狮比今天是狮子更大Biggerthan1ionstoday,能够捕食这种最大的猎物cave1ionscanbringdownthevery1argestofprey.但小一点比较好Butsm
11、a11eriseasier.无处可躲大胆的狮子都懒得藏了With1itt1ecover,thebrazencatsdonteventrytohide.相反它们耐心等待时机Instead,theybidetheirtime,waitingfortherightmoment.小象不能掉队Theca1fmuststayc1osetoitsprotectors.但猎手们已经盯上它butthehuntershavehimintheirsights.猛玛象排出象牙墙Themammothsformawa11oftusks.但狮了却不打算离开.butthe1ionsarentgoinganywhere.女族长
12、受够了Thematriarchhashadenough.但其中一位猎手发现一个机会.butoneofthehuntersspotsanopportunity.这只小象再也不会离队Theteenagerwi11neverstrayfromtheherdagain.现在轮到狮子防守了Nowitsthe1ionsturntodefend.小象的母亲Theca1fsmother.知道木已成舟.knowsitsa1ostcause.它们别无选择只得退下Theyhavenochoicebuttobackdown继续保护余下的后代andprotectthegenerationsthatremain.它们只能
13、继续迁徙A11theycandoiscontinuetheirmigration穿过这寒冷的冻原acrosstheco1dtundra-steppe.尽管冰雪从未覆盖整个地球Whi1eicenevercomp1ete1yengu1fedthep1anet,但它仍对全球产生了影响itsimpactwassti11fe1tacrosstheg1obe.有时影响极为出平意料sometimesinthemostunexpectedways.世界上大部分水被冰封Withmostofthewor1dswater1ockedupasice,陆地变得越发干燥the1andbecameincreasing1yd
14、ry.这是冰河时代的另一面Thisisthef1ipsideofaniceage.冻原以南Southofthetundra-steppe,沙漠面♥积♥几乎翻倍thedesertsa1mostdoub1edinsize,沿途将一切吞噬devouringeverythingintheirpath.进化出能承受极端高温的沙漠专家On1ydesertspecia1iststhathadevo1vedtowithstandextremeheat才能在如此恶劣的条件下生存cou1dsurvivesuchhosti1econditions.但干旱并未止步于此Butthedryin
15、gdidn,tstopthere.进一步向南非洲的热带雨林Evenfurthersouth,Africastropica1rainforests,为生命提供稳定的庇护所超过5000万年stab1esanctuariesfor1ifeforover50mi11ionyears,如今几乎完全消失a1mostcomp1ete1ydisappeared.被一大♥片♥干燥的森林和草原所取代.rep1acedbyavastexpanseofdryforestandgrass1and.这对生命影响巨大Theimpacton1ifewashuge,尤其是对这类动物not1eastononegroupofanima1s.灵长类
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