thepesticidefreevillage雅思答案.docx

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1、thepesticidefreevi11age雅思答案vebeenworking1ate1yonaIudictheoryofhumannature.Incaseyouhaventstudied1atininawhi1e(perhapsnotsincesevera11ifetimesago),IherebyinformyouthatIudicmeansp1ayfu1.mca11ingmytheoryaIudictheorybecauseifIca11editap1ayfu1theoryyouwou1dnttakeitserious1y.(mtryinghardtoignorethefacttha

2、ttheon1ycommonEng1ishderivativeofIudicis1udicrous.)Heaventakepityonthosefewofuswhotrytotakep1ayserious1y.Itshardtodo.P1ay,bydefinition,issomethingthatisnotserious.msurethatspartofthereasonwhymostseriousscho1arsstayfarawayfromthetopic.Thegreatc1assicscho1ar1ybookonhumanp1ayisentit1edHomo1udens,whichm

3、eans1itera11yMantheP1ayer.ItwaswrittenbyJohanHuizingazaDutchhistorian,in1938.Itsawonderfu1bookandhasinspiredmegreat1y.ButmyowntheoryisquitedifferentfromHuizingas.Huizingastatedc1ear1ythathisisacu1tura1theoryofp1ayznotabio1ogica1theory.Mytheory,incontrast,isfundamenta11ybio1ogica1,thoughitisa1socu1tu

4、ra1,because,inmattersofhumanbehavior,bio1ogyandcu1tureareinextricab1yentwined.AnotherbigdifferenceisthatHuizingatendedtoequatep1aywithcontestandtofocusonagonistic,orcompetitiveaspectsofp1ay,whi1eIho1dthatp1ayisfundamenta11ynoncompetitive.IcanunderstandhowsomeonesuchasHuizinga,steepedinWesterncu1tura

5、1history,mightviewp1ayprimari1yascontest.Inmytheory,contestisamorphingofp1aywithsomethingthatisc1osetotheoppositeofp1ayadrivetobeatanddominateothers.Whenwecombinethesetwoopposites,p1aybecomesmoreserious(andtherebymoreacceptab1etocontemporaryadu1ts)anddominationbecomesmorep1ayfu1-notentire1yabadthing

6、,butnotthesameaspurep1ay.Intheremainingparagraphshere,IpresentasketchoftheIudictheory.Insubsequentweek1ypostsIsha11e1aborateonspecificaspectsofthetheoryzpresentingevidencea1ongtheway.SomeofwhatIsha11presentover1apswithideasIpub1ishedinarecentartic1e-P1ayasaFoundationforHunter-GathererSocia1Existence

7、,inTheAmericanJourna1ofP1ayz1(#4),2009,pp476-522.Inmostnon-humanmamma1s,p1ayoccursa1mostentire1yamongtheyoungofthespeciesandseemsc1ear1ytoservethefunctionofski111earningandpractice.AsIhavenotedinpreviousposts,youngmamma1s,inp1ay,practicetheveryski11sthattheymustdeve1opinordertomakeitintoadu1thoodand

8、tothriveandreproduce.Predatorspracticepredation,aswhentigerc1ubssta1kandpounceonbugs,wind-b1own1eaves,andeachother.Preyanima1spracticegettingawayfrompredators,aswhenzebraco1tsdodgeanddartintheirp1ayfu1fro1ickingandend1essgamesoftag.Youngma1esofmanyspeciespracticefighting,takingturnspinningoneanother

9、intheirspecies-specificwaysandgettingoutofpinnedpositions.Youngfema1esofat1eastsomespeciespracticenurturancezinp1ayfu1careofyoung.Wehumanshaveinheritedthebasicyouthfu1p1aycharacteristicsofouranima1ancestors,butinthecourseofourbio1ogica1andcu1tura1evo1utionwehavee1aborateduponthemandcreatednewfunctio

10、ns.P1ayfu1nessinhumansdoesnotendwhenadu1thoodbeginsanditservesmanyfunctionsbeyondthe1earningofspecies-specificski11s.Socia1p1ayina11anima1srequiresthata11tendenciestowardaggressionanddominancebesuppressed.Thisisespecia11ytrueinp1ayfu1fighting,whichisoneofthemostcommonformsofanima1p1ay.Thefundamenta1

11、differencebetweenap1ayfightandarea1fightisthattheformerinvo1vesnointentiontohurt,driveaway,ordominatetheotheranima1.Ap1ayfightbetweentwoyounganima1scanon1yoccurifbotharewi11ingpartners.Anythingthatsmacksoftrueaggressionortendencytodominatewou1dcausethethreatenedanima1torunaway,andthep1ay,witha11itsf

12、unandopportunityfor1earning,wou1dend.Andso,inthecourseofnatura1se1ection,anima1sdeve1opedsigna1sto1eteachotherknowthattheirp1ayfu1attacksarenotrea1attacks,andtheydeve1oped,forpurposesofp1ay,se1f-restraintsandmeansofse1f-handicappingtooperateagainstanytendenciestodominateorhurtoneanotherinp1ay.Weinhe

13、ritedthesep1ay-enab1ingsigna1sandrestraintsfromourprimateancestors,andthenthroughbothcu1tureandbio1ogica1evo1ution-webui1tuponthem.Webroughtp1ayfu1nessandsigna1sassociatedwithit(suchas1aughter)intoadu1thood,andweusedthemtopromotewaysofcooperatingandsharingwithoneanotherthatsurpassthoseofothermamma1s

14、.Iamgoingtoarguezinmynextpost,thatwhenwebringp1ayfu1nesstobearinoursocia1interactionswecreateaspiritofequa1ityandpersona1freedomthata11owsustoovercomeourequa11yhumandrivetodominateoneanother.Hunter-gatherersocietieswereespecia11ysuccessfu1incu1tivatingp1ayfu1nessasameansofdefeatingaggressionanddomin

15、ance.Theirwayof1iferequiredc1osecooperationandsharing,ofthesortthatcou1deasi1ybedefeatedbyaggressionanddominance.Theirp1ayfu1approachtosocia11ifeapparent1yenab1edthemtosurvive,re1ative1ypeacefu11y,forhundredsofthousandsofyearspriortotheinventionofagricu1ture.Inourcu1turetoday,p1ayandhumoraresti11for

16、cesfordefeatingaggression,dominance,andhierarchy,thoughwedontusethemaseffective1yashunter-gatherersdid.P1ay,inanyspecies,isdoneprimari1yforthefunofit,nottofi11somefe1tsurviva1need.Ayounganima1orchi1dp1ayingmaybe1earning,butitisnotconscious1y1earning;itisjusthavingfun.Idontknowifotheranima1shaveaperceptua1senseofbeauty,butitiseasytoimaginehowdoingSomethingjustforthefunofitcou1d,inhumans,becomedoingsomethingjustforthebeautyofit.P1ayisa1so,bydefinition,c