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1、JivantaSchott1i.VisionandstrategyinIndianpo1itics:Jawahar1a1Nehrufspo1icychoicesandthedesigningofpo1itica1institutions,OxfordandNewYork:Rout1edge.2012.Inthisnewvo1umeintheseries44Rout1edgeAdvancesinSouthAsianStudies,“JivantaSchott1iexp1oresthreekeydeve1opmentsinnew1yindependentIndia:thefoundingofthe
2、P1anningCommission(1950),thePanchashee1aAgreementwithChina(1954),andtheHinduCodebi11s,seenasasteptowardsaUniformCivi1Code(1955-56).A11threedeve1opmentsarekeytounderstandingthenatureofIndianmodernityanditstransformationfromaco1onia1toapostco1onia1democracy,andforSchott1i,a11threedeve1opmentsowetheiro
3、riginstoJawahar1a1Nehru,spo1itica1wor1dview,whichSchott1istudiesintermsofbothNehru,svisionandhisstrategy.NewInstitutiona1ismand4tHistorica1Institutiona1ismarethetwomainpo1itica1frameworksthroughwhichsheconductsherexamination,butforSchott1i,understandingthewor1dviewofNehru“theindividua,iscritica1toun
4、derstandingNehruithepo1itica1actor.Thus,whi1esheexp1icit1yarguesagainsttheseparationofthemanfromhistimes,suchaseparationisattimesimp1ementedinherana1ysisasamethodo1ogica1too1inordertounderstandthenatureofNehru,spo1itica1action.Schtt1i,sprimarysourcesforexcavatingthiswor1dviewareNehru,sspeechesandwri
5、tings,fromwhichshequotescopious1ybutjudicious1y.ThebookisthusatonceabiographyandastudyoftheprocessofIndianmodernizationintheNehruvianperiod.Schott1iexp1ainsherchoiceoftheoretica1structuresbypresentingtheargumentthatboththeNewInstitutiona1ismandHistorica1Institutiona1ismschoo1softhoughta11owroomforan
6、exp1orationoftheprocessesbywhichaninstitutioncomesintobeing;bothframeworksa1soassertthattheexistenceofaninstitutionis,itse1fnotaguaranteeofitsva1idity.Schott1ipointsoutthatinthecaseofIndia,traditiona1mode1sofmodernity,whichtendtobete1eo1ogica1,seemtofa1terbecauseoftheintegrationoftheprocessesofmoder
7、nitywithinanentrenchedindigenoustraditionthatisoftenextreme1yhierarchica1andfeuda1andinformedbyconsiderationsofc1ass,caste,andre1igion,whichmoderninstitutionsdonotsucceedindisp1acing.AsSchott1iargues,Nehru,asthemidd1egroundbetweentheconservativerightandtheradica11eft,andproppedupbyMahatmaGandhi,wasc
8、onstrainedbyhispo1itica1opponentsandsupportersaswe11asbythespecificorganizationa1po1iciesofhispo1itica1party,theIndianNationa1Congress(INC),andthis,asmuchashiswor1dview,shapedthenatureofhisactions.Thethreeinstitutionshedeve1oped,therefore,werenotso1e1ydrivenbyhisuniquevision,asisoftenpromotedinNehru
9、viana,butwereinsteaddeve1opedwithintheconstraintsofhispo1itica1situation.Schott1iarguesthatNehru,sevo1vingwor1dviewinthecontextofIndianmodernizationisitse1faproductofthehistorica1circumstancesthatNehruthepo1itica1actorwastryingtonegotiate.TodistinguishNehruonthebasisofhiswor1dviewvis-a-vistheotherdo
10、minant1eadersofthetimerisksfa11ingintothetrapofpsycho1ogica1individua1ism,anddetractsfromahistorica1methodo1ogy.Visionandstrategyarenotmutua11yexc1usivecategories,asSchott1isuccessfu11yshows,butare,rather,meshedtogetherinpo1itica1choice.Assuch,Schott1ipresentswhatsheca11sthestructureofopportunities/
11、meaningthattheconstraintsthatshapedNehruwerea1sotheveryreasonforhissuccessandthathewasu1timate1yab1etoa1tersuchconditionsinhisfavor.Nehru,sdecisionswereaffectedbytheactionsofhiscontemporaries(SubhasChandraBosebeforeindependenceandVa11abhbhaiPate1andRajendraPrasadafter),andNehrustrategica11yhigh1ight
12、edorcompromisedonspecificissuesinordertogainascendancywithinthepartyandpromotehisownvisionofprogress.Schtt1i,sapproachisparticu1ar1yusefu1inunderstandingNehru,spositiononthefirstofthethreeinstitutionssheexamines:theP1anningCommission.AsSchott1ishows,theP1anningCommissionservestodemonstratebothhowNeh
13、ruconso1idatedpowerandtrans1atedhisspecificvisionintopo1icy.Theoriginsofthecommission1ieintheCongressNationa1P1anningCommittee(NPC),estab1ishedunderSubhasChandraBose,withNehruaschairman.TheNPC,whichsawinindustria1izationtheso1utiontoIndia,seconomicprob1ems,wasnonethe1essopposedbyGandhiandGandhians,a
14、ndNehruneveropen1yopposedGandhieventhoughhewasinfavoroftheso1ution.Thus,whi1eBose,whoseconf1ictwithGandhi1edtotheformersdisenchantmentandeventua1departurefromtheCongressparty,didnotfee1compe11edtopub1ica11ydefertoGandhi,sopinion,NehrudependedonGandhi,ssupportwithintheINCinordertorisetopowerwithinthe
15、partyandwas,therefore,moredip1omaticinhissupportofthecommission.Dueinnosma11parttothissortofdip1omacy,Nehruascendedtoparty1eadershipuponthecountrysindependenceand,afterthedeathofGandhi,wasab1etobringthepartymoretight1yunderhiscontro1and,eventua11y,promotehissocia1istvisionthroughtheP1anningCommissio
16、n.Schtt1i,ssecondcasestudyinvo1vesanexaminationofNehru,ssecondinstitution:India,sPanchashee1aAgreement(a1soknownastheFivePrincip1esOfPeacefu1Coexistence)withChinaandthedebateoverthestatusofTibet.Theagreementstipu1atedmutua1non-agressionandrespectforterritoria1sovereignty.Schott1ic1aimsthatgettinginvo1vedintheTibetdebatewasbothanopportunityforIndiatoassertitse1fasregiona1powerinre1ationtoChinaandtoestab1ishre1ationswithChinaimmediate1yafterIndia,sindependence.Schott1
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