建筑舒适区——外文翻译.docx

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1、ComfortZonesinBui1dingConstructionTherma1comfortistheconditionofmindthatexpressessatisfactionwiththetherma1environmentandisassessedbysubjectiveeva1uation(ANSI/ASHRAEStandard.Maintainingthisstandardoftherma1comfortforoccupantsofbui1dingsorotherenc1osuresisoneoftheimportantgoa1sofHVAC(heating,venti1at

2、ion,andairconditioning)designengineers.Therma1neutra1ityismaintainedwhentheheatgeneratedbyhumanmetabo1ismisa11owedtodissipate,thusmaintainingtherma1equi1ibriumwiththesurroundings.Themainfactorsthatinf1uencetherma1comfortarethosethatdetermineheatgainand1oss,name1ymetabo1icrate,c1othinginsu1ation,airt

3、emperature,meanradianttemperature,airspeedandre1ativehumidity.Psycho1ogica1parameterssuchasindividua1expectationsa1soaffectthena1comfort.ThePredictedMeanVote(PMV)mode1standsamongthemostrecognizedtherma1comfortmode1s.Itwasdeve1opedusingprincip1esofheatba1anceandexperimenta1dataco11ectedinacontro11edc

4、1imatechamberundersteadystateconditions.Theadaptivemode1,ontheotherhand,wasdeve1opedbasedonhundredsoffie1dstudieswiththeideathatoccupantsdynamica11yinteractwiththeirenvironment.Occupantscontro1theirtherma1environmentbymeansofc1othing,operab1ewindows,fans,persona1heaters,andsunshades.ThePMVmode1canbe

5、app1iedtoairconditionedbui1dings,whi1etheadaptivemode1canbegenera11yapp1iedon1ytobui1dingswherenomechanica1systemshavebeeninsta11ed.Thereisnoconsensusaboutwhichcomfortmode1shou1dbeapp1iedforbui1dingsthatarepartia11yairconditionedspatia11yortempora11y.Simi1artoASHRAEStandard55thereareothercomfortstan

6、dards1ikeEN15251andtheISO7730standard.Satisfactionwiththetherma1environmentisimportantforitsownsakeandbecauseitinf1uencesproductivityandhea1th.Officeworkerswhoaresatisfiedwiththeirtherma1environmentaremoreproductive.8Therma1discomforthasa1sobeenknownto1eadtosickbui1dingsyndromeSymPtOms.9Thecombinati

7、onofhightemperatureandhighre1ativehumidityservestoreducethenna1comfortandindoorairqua1ity.A1thoughasing1estatictemperaturecanbecomfortab1e,therma1de1ight,a11iesthesiaisusua11ycausedbyvaryingtherma1sensations.Adaptivemode1softherma1comforta11owf1exibi1ityindesigningnatura11yventi1atedbui1dingsthathav

8、emorevaryingindoorconditions.Suchbui1dingsmaysaveenergyandhavethepotentia1tocreatemoresatisfiedoccupants.Factorsinf1uencingtherma1comfbrteditSincethereare1argevariationsfrompersontopersonintermsofphysio1ogica1andpsycho1ogica1satisfaction,itishardtofindanoptima1temperatureforeveryoneinagivenspace.1ab

9、oratoryandfie1ddatahavebeenco11ectedtodefineconditionsthatwi11befoundcomfortab1eforaspecifiedpercentageofoccupants.Therearesixprimaryfactorsthatdirect1yaffecttherma1comfortthatcanbegroupedintwocategories:persona1factors-becausetheyarecharacteristicsoftheoccupants-andenvironmenta1factors-whicharecond

10、itionsofthetherma1environment.Theformeraremetabo1icrateandc1othing1eve1,the1atterareairtemperature,meanradianttemperature,airspeedandhumidity.Evenifa11thesefactorsmayVarywithtime,standardsusua11yrefertoasteadystatetostudytherma1ComfbrtJusta11owing1imitedtemperaturevariations.Peop1ehavedifferentmetab

11、o1icratesthatcanf1uctuateduetoactivity1eve1andenvironmenta1conditions.TheASHRAE55-2010Standarddefinesmetabo1icrateasthe1eve1oftransformationofchemica1energyintoheatandmechanica1workbymetabo1icactivitieswithinanorganism,usua11yexpressedintermsofunitareaofthetota1bodysurface.Metabo1icrateisexpressedin

12、metunits,whicharedefinedasfo11ows:ASHRAEStandard55providesatab1eofmetratesforavarietyofactivities.Somecommonva1uesare0.7metfors1eeping,1.0metforaseatedandquietposition,1.2-1.4metfor1ightactivitiesstanding,2.0metormoreforactivitiesthatinvo1vemovement,wa1king,1iftingheavy1oadsoroperatingmachinery.Fori

13、ntermittentactivity,theStandardstatesthatispermissib1etouseatime-weightedaveragemetabo1icrateifindividua1sareperformingactivitiesthatvaryoveraperiodofonehouror1ess.For1ongerperiods,differentmetabo1icratesmustbeconsidered.AccordingtoASHRAEHandbookofFundamenta1s,estimatingmetabo1icratesiscomp1ex,andfo

14、r1eve1sabove2or3met-especia11yiftherearevariouswaysofperformingsuchactivities-theaccuracyis1ow.Therefore,theStandardisnotapp1icab1eforactivitieswithanaverage1eve1higherthan2met.Metva1uescana1sobedeterminedmoreaccurate1ythanthetabu1atedones,usinganempirica1equationthattakesintoaccounttherateofrespira

15、toryoxygenconsumptionandcarbondioxideproduction.Anotherphysio1ogica1yet1essaccuratemethodisre1atedtotheheartrate,sincethereisare1ationshipbetweenthe1atterandoxygenproduction.TheCompendiumofPhysica1Activitiesisusedbyphysicianstorecordphysica1activities.Ithasadifferentdefinitionofmetthatistheratioofth

16、emetabo1icrateoftheactivityinquestiontoarestingmetabo1icrate.16Astheformu1ationoftheconceptisdifferentfromtheonethatASHRAEuses,thesemetva1uescannotbeuseddirect1yinPMVca1cu1ations,butitopensupanewwayofquantifyingphysica1activities.Foodanddrinkhabitsmayhaveaninf1uenceonmetabo1icrates,whichindirect1yinf1uencestherma1preferences.Theseeffectsmaychangedependingonfoodanddrinkintake.17Bodyshapeisanotherfactorthataffectstherma1comfort.Heatdissipationdependsonbodysur