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1、中医方剂大辞典中含马钱子方剂的用药规律分析宋云燕 董伟梁新丽 欧丽泉廖正根中圈分类号R286文献标志码A 1001-0408 (2019) 16-2262-05DOI 10. 6039/j. issn. 1001-0408. 2019. 16. 20摘要目的:为马钱子的临床合理使用及其药物剂型开发提供参考。方法:从中医方剂大辞典中收集整理含马钱子的方剂,将方名、方源、治疗疾病名、组成、用法用量、用药途径等信息录入Access 2010软件并建立数据库,根据用法将这些方剂的用药途径分为内服和外用,分别统计出内服/外用方剂所治疾病的频数;采用SPSS Modeler 18. 0软件中的Aprior
2、i算法对含马钱子的复方进行药物组方规律分析。结果:共纳入含马钱子方剂78首,其中42首为内服方剂,33首为外用方剂,3首为既可内服又可外用的方剂。内服方剂主要用于治疗痿病、痹病、痔疮、肛疼、筋骨疼痛等疾病;外用方剂主要用于治疗皮肤疾病、瘤、痞块等疾病;内服外用皆可的方剂主要用于治疗疮疡病、跌打损伤和骨折。在内服方剂中,马钱子常配伍乳香、没药、血竭、穿山甲、自然铜、当归、麻黄、草乌;在外用方剂中,马钱子常配伍赤芍、地黄、黄柏、黄连、黄苓、当归、白芷、全蝎。马钱子绝大多数经炮制后使用,且以麻油作辅料炮制为主(占77.97%)。结论:含马钱子的方剂主要治疗疾病包括风湿痹痛、肢体瘫痪,跌打损伤、骨折以
3、及痈疽肿毒、顽癣三类。马钱子在外用方剂中多配伍清热燥湿、凉血活血、止痛药,在内服方剂中多配伍活血化瘀药。此外,用麻油炮制马钱子是保证其安全性的重要措施。Key马钱子;用药途径;主治疾病;组方规律;炮制;Apriori算法Analysis of Medication Rules of the Prescription Containing Strychnosnuxvomica in the Dictionary of Traditional Chinese MedicinePrescriptionSONG Yunyan, DONG Wei, LIANG Xinli, OU Liquan, LIA
4、O Zhenggen (Key Labof Modern TCM Preparation, Ministry of Education, JiangxiUniversity of TCM, Nanchang 330004, China)ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To provide reference for the clinical useand dosage form development of Strychnos nuxvomica. METHODS: Theprescriptions containing S. nuxvomica were collected and
5、sorted fromthe Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription, andthen formula name, prescription source, name of treatment disease,composition, usage and dosage, medication route were input intoAccess 2010 and database was established. According to the usage,these prescriptions were divide
6、d into internal use and external use,and the frequencies of diseases treated by internal/external useprescriptions were counted respectively. Apriori algorithm of SPSSModeler 18. 0 software was used to analyze the drug combination ruleof compound prescription containing S. nuxvomica. RESULTS: A tota
7、lof 78 prescriptions were included, of which 42 were oralprescriptions, 33 were external prescriptions and 3 were both oraland external prescriptions. Internal prescriptions were used to treatdiseases such as atrophy-flaccidity disease, arthralgia,hemorrhoids, anal fistula, bones and muscles pain. T
8、he externalprescriptions were mainly used to treat skin diseases, tumors,lump. Internal and external prescriptions could treat sore, injuriesand fractures. In internal prescriptions, S. nuxvomica was oftencompatible with Boswellia carterii, myrrha, Daemonorops draco,Manis pentadactyla, pyriturn, Ang
9、elica sinensis, Ephedra sinica,Aconiturn kusnezoffii. In external prescriptions, S. nuxvomica wasoften compatible with Radix Paeoniae, Rehmannia glutinosa,Phellodendron chinense, Coptis chinensis, Scutellaria baicalensis,Angelica sinensis, Angelica dahurica, Buthus martensii. Most of S.nuxvomica wer
10、e used after processing, and mainly took sesame oil asan auxiliary material (77.97%) , CONCLUSIONS: Diseases treated withthe prescriptions containing S. nuxvomica can be classified intothree types of diseases, i. e. polymyalgia rheumatica and paralysis,bruise and bone fracture, carbuncle and stubbor
11、nness tinea. Inexternal prescriptions, S. nuxvomica is often compatible with drugfor clearing heat and drying dampness, cooling blood and activatingblood, and relieving pain. In internal prescriptions, S. nuxvomicais often compatible with the agents for b1ood-activating and stasis-resolving medicina
12、l. Tn addition, the processing of S. nuxvomicawith sesame oil is an important measure to ensure its safety.KEYWORDS Strychnos nuxvomica; Pathway of medication; Treatmentdisease; Composition principles; Processing; Apriori algorithm马钱子,别名“番木鳖”“马前子” “马前”“马全” “苦实”,是马钱科植物马钱子(Strychons nux-vomica L.)的干燥成
13、熟种子,其味苦性温、有大毒,归肝、脾经;其具有通络止痛、散结消肿的功效,临床上常用于跌打损伤、骨折肿痛、风湿顽痹、麻木瘫痪、痈疽疮毒、咽喉肿痛的治疗1。现代药理学研究表明,马钱子具有明显的抗肿瘤作用2。马钱子虽临床疗效显著,但由于其生品有大毒,导致临床极少使用。为此,本研究通过对中医方剂大辞典中含马钱子方剂的收集、整理和分析,探索其配伍规律,为马钱子的临床安全应用提供参考与借鉴。1资料与方法中药方剂大辞典收载了自秦汉时期至1986年底1 800余种中医药及有关文献中有方名记载的方剂9万余首,是目前载方最多、资料最全、考古较精确的方剂大典。故本研究依据中医方剂大辞典,检索其组方中含马钱子或含名为
14、“番木鳖”“马前子”“马前” “马全”“制马钱子”“生马钱子”“苦实”的方剂。排除药味数15以及马钱子在方中分量较轻且不能准确分析其作用的方剂;排除方名、方源、治疗疾病名等记录不全,不能进行有效分析的方剂。将方名、方源、治疗疾病名、组成、用法用量、用药途径录入Access2010软件并建立数据库,根据用法将这些方剂的用药途径分为外用和内服(如贴膏剂、洗剂等归为外用方剂,如用法为陈酒、黄酒、无灰黄酒送服、煎汤送服等归为内服方剂),分别统计内服/外用方剂所治疾病的频数。采用SPSSModeler 18. 0软件中的Apriori算法对含马钱子的复方进行药物组合规律分析。该软件中的“支持度”表示药物
15、组合同时出现的概率,“置信度”表示药物组合出现的可靠度,一般选择支持度和置信度均较高的药物组合作为常用药物组合。由于本研究所使用的数据集规模较小,药物维度较大,因此本研究设置置信度28096,筛选出内服方剂支持度215%、外用方剂支持度219%的处方,并分析其用药规律。2方剂检索结果及其用药途径、主治疾病最终纳入含马钱子的单用方剂(以下简称单方)和药味数15的复方共78首,其中42首为内服方剂,33首为外用方剂,3首为既可以内服又可以外用的方剂。2.1 马钱子单方的用药途径分布及主治疾病含有马钱子的方剂中有8首为单方,5首单方用药途径为内服,2首为外用,另有1首内服外用皆可。主治疾病有肥疮、痹病、疮疡病、蛇皮疯、鳞癫疯、鼓毛疯、伤寒、痔疮、肛痿、中风、牙关紧闭等各科诸证,详见表1。2.2 含马钱子复方的用药途径分布及主治疾病2.2. 1用药途径分布 药味数15的含马钱子复方共有70首,其用药途径分布详见表2。在70首复方中,有37首(占比52. 86%)为内服,31首(占比44. 29%)为外用,有2首(占比2.85%)方剂内服外用皆可。马钱子分量较重的方剂有18首,除去1首可内服外用的伤损神效散外,有13首用于内服。由此可见,马钱子虽有大毒,但前人在治病用方时,仍会将其作为主要的治疗药物来配伍他药治疗疾病。2.2.2主