天津医科大学全英班药理学实验教材.docx

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1、Guide to Pharmacological ExperimentsDepartment of PharmacologyGuangxi Medical University 2010.08.PrefacePharmacological Practical Course is very important for student, because it not only affords them basic pharmacological theory, but also let them learn about some basic techniques and methods of Ph

2、armacology This practical course includes both experiments carried out on isolated tissues or organs and experiments using whole animals. These experiments are good guide to students.We sincerely hope that this collection of experiments will be of real value to both the staff of Pharmocology and stu

3、dents. We welcome any comments, criticisms or suggestions from our readers.Department of PharmocologyAug 28, 2010CONTENTS1. Handling Animals and Administration2. One-compartment open model3. Two-compartment open model4. Determination of Median Effective Dose (ED50) of Sodium Pentobarbital5. Comparin

4、g the effects of Pentobarbital Sodium on Mice by Different Routes of Administration6. Determination of Half-life of Drug Plasma Concentration7. Dose-effect Relationship of Effect of NA on Blood Pressure in Rabbit8. Intoxication and Detoxication of Organophosphorus9. Effects of Drugs Affecting the Sy

5、mpathetic nervous System on Blood Pressure in rabbits10. Video recording and discussion on tile drugs of autonomic nervous system and -blockers11. Anticonvulsant Effect of the Drug12. Observation of Analgesic Action of Drugs with Turning Trunk Method13. Antagonism of Lidocaine on the Arrhythmia Indu

6、ced by Ouabain14. Effect of Glucocorticoids on the Inflammation15. Cases DiscussionExperiment I Handling Animals and Administration1. Rabbit1) Holding a rabbit: The correct holding: One hand grips the scruff of the neck firmly, the other hand holds the buttock of the rabbit. The error holding includ

7、es:i. Only grasp the ears of the rabbit with one hand.ii. Only grasp the back legs of the rabbit with one hand.2) To distinguish animals are male or female: for female, the distance from genital pore to anus is shorter than that of the male; you can fine five pairs papillae on the abdomen. For male,

8、 the distance from genital pore to anus is longer than that of the female, in summer you can find the testes easily.3) Intravenous injection (iv): In conscious rabbits, injections can be made into the marginal vein of the ear. First, look at the picture of the rabbit,s ear on TV. The blue colors sho

9、w the vein and the red color shows the artery. We usually use the vein of the inner margin of the ear as a route of administration. The rabbit is held suitably or fixed in a box and the fur is removed from the vein at the top outside edge of the ear either by plucking or with clippers. It may be nec

10、essary to rub the edge of the ear gently. A needle can easily be inserted into the vein when it is distended and the plunger of the syringe pressed in. As a general principle the plunger of the syringe should be withdrawn to see if blood appears. If the needle is not correctly placed it is best to r

11、emove it and to repeat the attempt. It is always wisest to start as far away from the base of the ear as possible to allow a number of attempts to be made. It is inhibited that there is any air in the vein or needle. The speed of pushing syringe plunger must be slow.4) A subcutaneous injection (sc.)

12、: For a subcutaneous injection the skin on the back of the rabbit is lifted up (like that showed on the TV) and the needle pushed firmly through it. The point of the needle should be quite free to move between the skin and the muscle. Either side of the back of an animal is most suitable for a subcu

13、taneous injection. If there is no one availabe to hold the animal, it may be necessary to make the injection higher up towards the head beause one hand will be needed to hold the scruft of the neck of docile rabbits without assistance. After injection there is a lump on the surfacethe skin.5) An int

14、ramuscular injection (im): For an intramuscular injection the procedure is similar to the subcutaneous injection except that the site must be a muscular part of the body, usually in the region of the thigh or buttock. With this injection the tip of the needle should not be free but should have penet

15、rated the muscle. After injection there is not any lump on the surface of is the skin.6) Oral injection: With rabbits a No.9 rubber catheter is used, inserted through a hole in a wooden or plastic gag placed behind the front teeth. The catheter is covered with glycerol and connected to a funnel into

16、 which the drug solution is poured. The catheter is then carefully inserted between the tongue and the roof of the mouth. Once past the larynx the catheter should move easily and it may be necessary to mark the tube to indicate how far it should be inserted. Before administration you should check the operation is right or not by looking at whether the surface of the solution changes (up or down) with the rabbit,s respira