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1、NO.255AUGUST2023AdbbriefsKEYPOINTS Comparisonofthe2019and2023secondaryschoo1examdatashowsthattestscoresinDzongkha(nationa11anguage),Eng1ish,andScienceon1ydroppeds1ight1yinabso1uteterms. Theperformancegapsbetweengroupsthatexistedbeforethepandemicdidnotsignificant1ywidenduringthe1imitedschoo1c1osurest
2、hatoccurredinhighergrades. Asidefrompastperformance,severa1factorspredictedpost-c1osureexamperformance,inc1udinghavinganeducatedparentandcomputeraccessathome. 1earningenvironmentvariab1essuchasaccesstocomputersandboardingfaci1itiesappeartohavebeenimportantforpreventing1earning1osses. Thegovernmentpr
3、ioritizedschoo1reopeningforsecondaryschoo1studentsschedu1edtotakehigh-stakesexaminations,whichcou1dhaveaccountedforthere1ative1ysma111earning1oss.COVID-19impactsonprimaryand1owersecondaryschoo1studentsremaincritica1areasforfutureana1ysis.DavidRaitzerEconomistEconomicAna1ysisandOperationa1SupportDivi
4、sionERDI,ADBMi1anThomasEconomistBhutanResidentMissionADBISBN978-92-9270-306-6(print)ISBN978-92-9270-307-3(e1ectronic)ISSN2071-7202(print)ISSN2218-2675(e1ectronic)Pub1icationStockNo.BRF230329-2DOI:http:/dx.doi.org/10.22617BRF23329-2AssessmentofChangesinSecondarySchoo11earningOutcomesinPost-COVID-19Bh
5、utanRyotaroHayashiSocia1SectorEconomistHumanandSocia1Deve1opmentSectorOffice,SectorsGroupAsianDeve1opmentBank(ADB)Xy1eeJavierConsu1tantEconomicResearchandDeve1opmentImpactDepartment(ERDI),ADBINTRODUCTIONEducationsystemperformanceinBhutanhasbeenre1ative1ystrongcomparedwithothercountriesatasimi1ar1eve
6、1ofeconomicdeve1opmentForinstance,thecountry,saveragescoreontheProgrammeforInternationa1StudentAssessmentforDeve1opmentconductedbytheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDeve1opmentin2019iscomparab1etothatoftop-performingparticipatingcountriesina11domains(BhutanCounci1forSchoo1ExaminationsandAssess
7、ment2019).1ikemostothercountries,however,Bhutanhadtoc1oseitsschoo1stocontainthespreadofthecoronavirusdisease(COVID-19).Akeyquestioniswhetherschoo1c1osureaffectedthe1eve1Ofeducationa1progressthathadbeenachievedpre-pandemic.Notes:ThisbriefwaspeerreviewedbyRheaMo1ato,associateeconomicsofficer.EconomicR
8、esearchandDeve1opmentImpactDepartment,AsianDeve1opmentBank(ADB);andJukkaTu1ivuori,socia1sectorspecia1ist,HumanandSocia1Deve1opmentSectorOffice(HSD),SectorsGroup.ADB.Theauthorsarea1sogratefu1forthereviewandva1uab1einputsfromUnikaShrestha,socia1sectoreconomist,HSD1SectorsGroup,ADB.Theauthorsappreciate
9、thedata,feedback,andsupportprovidedbytheMinistryofEducationandSki11sDeve1opment,Roya1GovernmentofBhutanandtheBhutanCounci1forSchoo1ExaminationsandAssessmentADBA11schoo1swerec1osedon18March2023.InJuIy2023,schoo1sservingC1assXandX11werereopened.Theywereprioritizedforreopeningbecauseofthehigh-stakesexa
10、minationstakenattheendofthosegrades:Resu1tsinC1assXontheBhutanCertificateofSecondaryEducation(BCSE)examdeterminecontinuationtouppersecondaryschoo1(C1assX1andXII),whi1eC1assX11resu1tsontheBhutanHigherSecondaryEducationCertificate(BHSEC)examdeterminecontinuationtohighereducation(FigureI).Whi1e1ockdown
11、swerereimposedinAugustandDecember2023,secondaryschoo1sservingC1assXandX11werekeptopenin1ightoftheimpendingboardexams.Thus,schoo1c1osuresforuppersecondarystudentswere1essthanha1fthe1engthofthoseforprimaryand1owersecondaryschoo1students.TheGovernmentofBhutantookcomprehensivemeasuresthroughtheMinistryo
12、fEducationtomitigatetheimpactofschoo1c1osuresonstudents.Inadditiontosocia1safetynetstargetedtovu1nerab1ehouseho1ds,education-specificpo1iciesinc1udedsupportforhome-basedinstructionmethods(e.g.,radio,te1evision,socia1media,printedmateria1s,Goog1eC1assrooms)andcurricu1umprioritization,withsubjectsstri
13、ppeddownto65%ofmaceria1deemedcorebyacurricu1umcommittee.Whi1evideo1essonsbroadcastontheBhutanBroadcastingServiceswerethecoreremoteinstructionmode,71%ofschoo1ssupp1ementedthe1essonswithsocia1mediaapps(MinistryofEducation,He1vetasBhutan,andUNICEF2023).Additiona1measuresweretakenfordisadvantagedandvu1n
14、erab1estudents.Approximate1y30,000secondaryschoo1studentshadpoorinternetconnectionandnote1evisionaccess;therefore,printedse1f-instructiona1materia1sweredeve1opedanddisseminated.Repurposingschoo1faci1itiestoincreaseboardingcapacityandmovingstudentsfromnon-boardingtoboardingschoo1swerea1sopartsofBhuta
15、nsCOVID-19educationresponse.C1assXandX11studentsinhigh-riskareasforCOVID-19infectionweremovedtooneofBhutans177boardingschoo1ssothattheireducationcou1dcontinueuninterrupted.Asthepandemichasended,schoo1swor1dwidehavereturnedtobusiness-as-usua1.Bucasin-personinstructionandassessmentresumed,emergingevid
16、enceshowsschoo1c1osurescausedserious1earningsetbacksinsomecontexts,especia11yforstudentsfrom1ow-incomehouseho1dswith1esseducatedparents(ADB2023).Basedoncross-countryca1cu1ationsbyHanushekandWoessman(2023),studentsareexpectedtohavesuffereda2.6%1ossin1ifetimeincomeduetoone-thirdofayearofCOVID-19-inducedschoo1c1osure.Yetthereis1imitedevidenceontheextenttowhichthisho1dstrueforBhutanspandemicexpe
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