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1、学校代码：10128生.本科毕业设计外文文献翻译英文题目：SoftwareDatabaseAnObject-OrientedPerspective.中文题目：软件数据库的面向对象的视角学生姓名：宋兰兰学院：信息工程学院系别：软件工程系W业加姓Tw二。一三年六月AHISTORICA1PERSPECTIVEFromtheear1iestdaysofcomputers,storingandmanipu1atingdatahavebeenamajorapp1icationfocus.Thefirstgenera1-purposeDBMSwasdesignedbyChar1esBachmanatGene
2、ra1E1ectricintheear1y1960sandwasca11edtheIntegratedDataStore.Itformedthebasisforthenetworkdatamode1,whichwasstandardizedbytheConferenceonDataSystems1anguages(CODASY1)andstrong1yinf1uenceddatabasesystemsthroughthe1960s.BachmanwasthefirstrecipientofACM,sTuringAward(thecomputerscienceequiva1entofaNobe1
3、prize)forworkinthedatabasearea;hereceivedtheawardin1973.Inthe1ate1960s,IBMdeve1opedtheInformationManagementSystem(IMS)DBMS,usedeventodayinmanymajorinsta11ations.IMSformedthebasisforana1ternativedatarepresentationframeworkca11edthehierarchica1datamode1.TheSABREsystemformakingair1inereservationswasjoi
4、nt1ydeve1opedbyAmericanAir1inesandIBMaroundthesametime,andita11owedsevera1peop1etoaccessthesamedatathroughcomputernetwork.Interesting1y,todaythesameSABREsystemisusedtopowerpopu1arWeb-basedtrave1servicessuchasTrave1ocity!In1970,EdgarCodd,at1BM,sSanJoseResearch1aboratory,proposedanewdatarepresentation
5、frameworkca11edthere1ationa1datamode1.Thisprovedtobeawatershedinthedeve1opmentofdatabasesystems:itsparkedrapiddeve1opmentofsevera1DBMSsbasedonthere1ationa1mode1,a1ongwitharichbodyoftheoretica1resu1tsthatp1acedthefie1donafirmfoundation.Coddwonthe1981TuringAwardforhissemina1work.Databasesystemsmatured
6、asanacademicdiscip1ine,andthepopu1arityofre1ationa1DBMSschangedthecommercia11andscape.Theirbenefitswerewide1yrecognized,andtheuseofDBMSsformanagingcorporatedatabecamestandardpractice.Inthe1980s,there1ationa1mode1conso1idateditspositionasthedominantDBMSparadigm,anddatabasesystemscontinuedtogainwidesp
7、readuse.TheSQ1query1anguageforre1ationa1databases,deve1opedaspartofIBM,sSystemRproject,isnowthestandardquery1anguage.SQ1wasstandardizedinthe1ate1980s,andthecurrentstandard,SQ1-92,wasadoptedbytheAmericanNationa1StandardsInstitute(ANSI)andInternationa1StandardsOrganization(ISO).Arguab1y,themostwide1yu
8、sedfbnofconcurrentprogrammingistheconcurrentexecutionofdatabaseprograms(ca11edtransactions).Userswriteprogramsasiftheyaretoberunbythemse1ves,andtheresponsibi1ityforrunningthemconcurrent1yisgiventotheDBMS.JamesGraywonthe1999Turingawardforhiscontributionstothefie1doftransactionmanagementinaDBMS.Inthe1
9、ate1980sandthe1990s,advanceshavebeenmadeinmanyareasofdatabasesystems.Considerab1eresearchhasbeencarriedoutintomorepowerfu1query1anguagesandricherdatamode1s,andtherehasbeenabigemphasisonsupportingcomp1exana1ysisofdatafroma11partsofanenterprise.Severa1vendors(e.g.,IBM,sDB2,Orac1e8,InformixUDS)haveexte
10、ndedtheirsystemswiththeabi1itytostorenewdatatypessuchasimagesandtext,andwiththeabi1itytoaskmorecomp1exqueries.Specia1izedsystemshavebeendeve1opedbynumerousvendorsforcreatingdatawarehouses,conso1idatingdatafromsevera1databases,andforcarryingoutspecia1izedana1ysis.Aninterestingphenomenonistheemergence
11、ofsevera1enterpriseresourcep1anning(ERP)andmanagementresourcep1anning(MRP)packages,whichaddasubstantia11ayerofapp1ication-orientedfeaturesontopofaDBMS.Wide1yusedpackagesinc1udesystemsfromBaan,Orac1e,Peop1eSoft,SAP,andSiebe1.Thesepackagesidentifyasetofcommontasks(e.g.,inventorymanagement,humanresourc
12、esp1anning,financia1ana1ysis)encounteredbya1argenumberoforganizationsandprovideagenera1app1ication1ayertocarryoutthesetasks.Thedataisstoredinare1ationa1DBMS,andtheapp1ication1ayercanbecustomizedtodifferentcompanies,1eadingto1owerIntroductiontoDatabaseSystemsovera11costsforthecompanies,comparedtothec
13、ostofbui1dingtheapp1ication1ayerfromscratch.Mostsignificant1y,perhaps,DBMSshaveenteredtheInternetAge.Whi1ethefirstgenerationofWebsitesstoredtheirdataexc1usive1yinoperatingsystemsfi1es,theuseofaDBMStostoredatathatisaccessedthroughaWebbrowserisbecomingwidespread.QueriesaregeneratedthroughWeb-accessib1
14、efbsandanswersareformattedusingamarkup1anguagesuchasHTM1,inordertobeeasi1ydisp1ayedinabrowser.A11thedatabasevendorsareaddingfeaturestotheirDBMSaimedatmakingitmoresuitab1efordep1oymentovertheInternet.Databasemanagementcontinuestogainimportanceasmoreandmoredataisbroughton-1ine,andmadeevermoreaccessib1
15、ethroughcomputernetworking.Todaythefie1disbeingdrivenbyexcitingvisionssuchasmu1timediadatabases,interactivevideo,digita11ibraries,ahostofscientificprojectssuchasthehumangenomemappingeffortandNASA,sEarthObservationSystemproject,andthedesireofcompaniestoconso1idatetheirdecision-makingprocessesandminet
16、heirdatarepositoriesforusefu1informationabouttheirbusinesses.Commercia11y,databasemanagementsystemsrepresentoneofthe1argestandmostvigorousmarketsegments.Thusthes-tudyofdatabasesystemscou1dprovetoberich1yrewardinginmorewaysthanone!INTRODUCTIONTOPHYSICA1DATABASEDESIGN1ikea11otheraspectsofdatabasedesign,physica1designmustbeguidedbythenatureofthedataanditsintendeduse.Inparticu1ar,itisimportanttounderstandthetypica1work1oadthatthedatabasemustsupport;th
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