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1、最新:儿童原发性高血压的诊断标准和管理有关儿童原发性高血压的AHA声明于3月30日在高血压杂志上线发 布。儿童可以出现由潜在疾病引起的继发性高血压,如慢性肾脏疾病、内分泌 失调、心脏异常和某些综合症。然而,原发性高血压在美国和其他国家的 儿童和青少年中的发病率已达到5%,被认为是儿童期最常见的高血压类 型。儿童高血压的诊断标准美国儿科学会(AAP )、欧洲高血压学会和加拿大高血压协会都将高血压 定义为儿童血压重复测量值达到或高于95个百分位数,但不同年龄的血 压阈值有所不同。AAP在13岁起采用130/80 mm Hg作为血压阈值;欧洲高血压学会在 16岁起采用140/90 mm Hg ;而加
2、拿大高血压协会则将6-11岁儿童的 血压阈值设定为120/80 mm Hg l 12-17岁儿童的血压阈值设定为 130/85 mm HgoTable 1. Definitions of Normal nd Abnormal Childhood BP LevelsBP CiteQOfyA13Aee 13NormaIBP00th MrCenHe for age. sei. and height12X80mmHgDevaled BP90h-95th percentile for 9. mk. and hght-12V80 to 129X80 mmHgStjgo 1 hypood pry intak
3、e and physical activity nd reducing excess adiposity.Ao shown are nomodifbl nU 匕*r A wn on the right, there s vdnc of 25H organ injury m th heart ana QUlcofYWs G adulthood. eEnwonment: Many envroudwg xeeMafy salt mtuk and r pclubx. that ar to hwr M adverse Meet on blood pressure (BPiK youth nd (Wd*o
4、vcar dsse (hs are tecmcal mwer. So也 to OIibgBte these exposures are ChaBenging and fqxe 0n90ng x)ic heah research, advocacy. and policy changes.由于血压常常是波动的,即使在同一次就诊中也是如此。建议获取三个血 压测量值,并记录后两个测量值的平均值,除非第一个测量值正常。通过 24小时动态血压监测(ABPM ),可以进一步确认高血压的诊断。如何治疗? 儿童时期健康的生活方式包括健康饮食、鼓励能提高身体健康状况的体育 活动、健康的睡眠、避免肥胖等,可能有助
5、于减轻儿童高血压的风险。儿童原发性高血压的可纠正的风险因素包括肥胖、缺乏体育活动、营养不 良、睡眠不规律和环境压力。Table 7. Approach to the Treatment of Childhood HypertensionDiagnostic categoryRecommended measuresElevated BPDietary changes: DASH diet, reduced sodium intakePhysical activity: vigorous exercise, reduced screen timeWhite-coat hypertensionDie
6、tary changes: DASH diet, reduced sodium intakePhysical activity: vigorous exercise, reduced screen timePrimary hypertensionDietary changes: DASH diet, reduced sodium intake Physical activity: vigorous exercise, reduced screen time Initiation of antihypertensive medications if BP still high after 6-1
7、2 mo of dietary and physical activity measures*Secondary hypertensionDietary changes: DASH diet, reduced sodium intake Physical activity: vigorous exercise as tolerated, reduced screen timeInitiation of antihypertensive medications on diagnosis of underlying cause and manage the underlying cause of
8、secondary hypertension*BP indicates blood pressure; and DASH. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.*Obtain an echocardiogram to assess cardiac mass before antihypertensive medications are started. For stage 2 hypertension, evaluate for underlying cause or refer, and start treatment to lower BR声明具体建议:饮食改变(DASH饮食、低盐),体育锻炼(剧烈锻炼、 减少看电视和手机时间),如果原发性高血压坚持半年到1年,依旧血压 升高,可以进行药物治疗。继发性高血压除了病因治疗外,诊断确立就可 以药物治疗。