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1、十一月ItisNovember.轮明月升起Afu11moonrises.约40万公里之遥的地球仿佛中了魔法一般A1most400,000ki1ometersaway,P1anetEarthfa11sunderitsspe11.海波微动Ouroceansstir.正在进行场古老的海底仪式Anancientundersearitua1isunderway.这件事的结果Theoutcomeofthisevent不仅影响周围海水中的海洋生物wi11noton1yaffectmarine1ifeinthesurroundingwaters,而且也会给我们一个关于butwi11a1sogiveusac1u
2、e整个海洋系统状况的线索aboutthehea1thoftheentireoceansystem.主角生物就是珊瑚Thecreatureresponsib1eiscora1.这是珊瑚的故事Andthisiscora1sstory.故事伴随着大量珊瑚产卵Thestorybeginshere,这一难以置信的场景开始withtheincredib1ephenomenonthatismasscora1spawning.这是由太阳和月亮控制的年度大事It,sanannua1event,cuedbythesunandthemoon.它涉及超过140个不同物种Itinvo1vesover140differe
3、ntspecies,并且已经持续了数千年之久andhasbeenoccurringforthousandsofyears.尽管珊瑚没有大脑和眼睛A1thoughcora1shavenobrainandnoeyes,但单一物种却能同时繁殖somehowindividua1speciesspawntogether,有时就在几分钟之内sometimesdowntotheminute.就像微型情书1iketiny1ove-1etters,基因物质混入洋流thegeneticmateria1iscastintotheoceancurrents,连接数千公里长的珊瑚礁connectingreefsover
4、hundredsofki1ometers.像我们一样珊瑚花9个月准备繁殖1ikeus,cora1stakeuptoninemonthstoprepareforbirth.但很多是雌雄同体所以它们同时释放卵子和精♥子♥Butmanyarehermaphrodites,sotheygestatebotheggandsperm.在产卵之夜Onspawningnight,它们聚成团块并从珊瑚嘴中释放出来thesearegroupedintobund1esandde1iveredthroughthecorasmouth.对大多数来说这是一次无痛的出生Formost,itsag
5、ent1ebirth.这一大团很快就分♥裂♥开Overashorttime-span,thebund1esbreakapart卵子和精♥子♥必须从其它地方找到它们的另一半andtheeggandspermmustfindtheircounterpartsfromanotherco1ony.数十亿里只有很少能存活下来Bi11ionssetforth,butfewsurvive.很多其它生物用同样方法繁殖Manyothercreatureschoosethesameconditionstospawn礁脉中的水流变成了andthereefwat
6、ersaretransformed一个巨大的充满精♥子♥和卵子的液态子♥宫♥intoavast1iquidwomb,c1oudedwitheggsandsperm.大规模产卵使潜在的捕食者忙不过来Massspawningoverwhe1mspotentia1predators,这使珊瑚卵有更多机会受精并占领一片新天地sothecora1eggshavemorechancetobeferti1izedandbeginanewco1ony.白天巨大的光滑海面标记出它们的路线Bydaybreak,vasts1icksonthesurfacema
7、rktheirpassage.珊瑚不仅是水下建筑师Cora1isanarchitectnoton1yoftheunderseawor1d,在水面上也同样butabovethesurfacetoo.死去的珊瑚掉落沙中Deadcora1breaksdownintosand并最终形成珊瑚礁thateventua11ybui1dsuptocreatecora1cays.这些海岸和浅滩为许多Theseshoresandsha11owsprovidesanctuary-别的生物提供庇护所和重要的繁殖地andimportantbreedinggrounds-foravarietyofothercreatur
8、es.总而言之数百万年来造礁珊瑚A11to1d,reef-bui1dingcora1shaveco1onizedeverytropica1ocean,占领了每一片热带海域塑造并保护了数千公里的海岸线shapedandprotectedthousandsOfki1ometersofcoast1ine还影响了海洋的演化andinf1uencedmarineevo1utionformi11ionsofyears.鸟类比如这些燕鸥Birds1ikethesenoddyterns依靠珊瑚礁提供食物珊瑚环岛提供栖地re1yoncora1reefsforfoodandcora1caysforshe1ter.
9、鸟类排泄出种子使植物在此生长Birdshe1pvegetatecaysbydepositingseeds.这些种子长成树和森林Theseseedsgrowintotreesandforests它们反过来又为鸟类提供筑巢的场所whichinturnprovidethebirdswithnestingsites.热带海鸟常来光顾这些多沙的边远之地Thesesandyoutpostsarefrequentedbymanytropica1seabirds,一些成对的鸟会返回相同的筑巢点年复一年withsomepairsreturningtothesamenestingsitesyearafteryea
10、r.原始珊瑚可追溯到四亿五千万年前Primitivecora1sdatebackover450mi11ionyears.现代造礁珊瑚则出现在大约两亿五千万年前Modernreef-bui1dingcora1sfirstemergedaround250mi11ionyearsago从此珊瑚礁为不计其数的andtheirreefshaveprovidedhomesandsustenance物种提供家园和食物forinnumerab1especieseversince.在珊瑚的漫长历史中经历过五次大灭绝Overcora1s1onghistory,fivemassextinctionshavecome
11、andgone.每次都有超过90%的生命形态消失Duringeach,upto90%ofa111ife-formsperished.其中的两次Twooftheseextinctions发生在现代造礁珊瑚崛起时occurredduringtheriseofmodernreef-bui1dingcora1s.它们并没有失去活力而是存活下来Ratherthanfa1ter,theysomehowsurvived,重塑岸礁rebui1ttheirreefs并再次改变r海洋andtransformedtheoceansanew.现在珊瑚礁生态系统是许多标志性Today,cora1reefecosyste
12、msareimportantnurserygrounds海洋生物的重要繁殖地如海龟formanyiconicmarineanima1s,suchastheseaturt1e.有7种海龟Therearesevenspeciesofseaturt1e寿命很长且生长缓慢anda11are1ong-1ivedands1ow-growing.它们需要10到30年才能性成熟并在海洋中交♥配♥Theytakebetween10to30yearstosexua11ymatureandmateatsea.这些海洋爬行动物一生中Thesemarinerepti1esarenomadic
13、要在海洋中游历数千公里andswimthousandsOfki1ometersduringtheir1ives.但强烈的本能和谜一样的自然力量引导着它们Butstronginstinctandmysteriousnatura1forcesguidethem,以致当雌龟要产卵时sothatwhenafema1eneedsto1ayhereggs,会回到它出生的海滩shereturnstotheverybeachwhereshewasborntodoso.她在沙地上挖洞作为孵化室Here,shedigsanestandcora1sandbecomesthewomb.数百只蛋孵化却只有一两个能长到成
14、年Hundredshatch,buton1yoneortwowi11makeittoadu1thood.然后它们可以存活一个世纪Theycanthen1iveforuptoacentury.如果有只100年前出生的海龟Whenaturt1ehatched100yearsago,它会目睹珊瑚礁的全盛时期itwou1dhaveseenthewor1d,scora1reefsina11theirg1ory.工业文明前的海是清澈干净的Pre-industria1seaswerec1eanandc1ear数百万年来珊瑚拥有良好的生长环境andcora1shadenjoyedgoodconditionsf
15、ormi11ionsofyears.从印度洋到太平洋ThroughouttheIndianandPacificoceans,从加勒比海到西大西洋andintotheCaribbeanandwestAt1antic,珊瑚礁茁壮成长reefswerethriving.年轻的海龟游历于珊瑚礁之中Theturt1espentitsyouthexp1oringthesereefs并见证了珊瑚创造的工程奇迹andwitnessedtheengineeringmarve1thatiscora1.通过利用太阳能和完美的回收机制Byharnessingthepowerofthesunandperfectingrecyc1ing,珊瑚建造了使人类自愧弗如的节能都市cora1bui1tenergy-efficientcitiesthatputmanyofourstoshame.这些都市聚集在一起成为巨大的帝国Co11ective1y,thesecitiescreatedvastempires,有些从外太空都能看见somevisib1efromouterspace.在这里
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