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1、PaUO1nnVa1nsoosQ.2-qndPo1icyResearchWorkingPaper104981earningPovertyatthe1oca11eve1inCo1ombiaGabrie1DemombynesPZOfnVa1nsoosQ.2-qndwor1dBankgroupHumanDeve1opmentG1oba1PracticeJune2023Poi.icyRESEARCHWorkingPaper10498AbstractThiSpaperextendstheconceptof1earningpovertytoprovide1oca1-1eve1estimatesofthes
2、hareofchi1drenatage10whocanreadandunderstandasimp1etextinCo1om-chi1drcnwhoarcoutofschoo1andthusschoo1ingdeprivedwiththeshareofthoseinschoo1whoarcEarningdeprivedbasedonreadingtests.1oca1-1eve1estimatesi11ustratetheimmensegapsin1earningpovcmacrossmunicipa1itiesinCo1ombiainareadi1yinterpretab1eform.1ea
3、rningpovem,ratesinsomeCo1ombianmunicipa1itiesarebe1ow20per-centtheaverageamonghigh-incomecountries-whi1einothers,ratesexceed90percenttheaverageinSub-SaharanAfrica.High1earningpovertyratesatthe1oca11eve1areassociatedwithhigh1eve1sofmu1tidimensiona1poverty,a1argepopu1ationshareofethnicminorities,andah
4、istoofconf1ict.Thepapera1soshowsthattherateof1earningdeprivationis60percentispub1icschoo1sversus30percentinprivateschoo1sandthatreportsfromschoo1principa1sidentify1argegapsbetweenpub1icandprivateschoo1sineducationa1inputs.Theseresu1tshigh1ighttheneedtoenhancefoundationa1ski11sinpub1icschoo1sinCo1omb
5、ia.ThispaperisaproductoftheHumanDeve1opmentG1oba1Practice.Itispartofa1argereffortbytheWor1dBanktoprovideopenaccesstoitsresearchandmakeacontributiontodeve1opmentpo1icydiscussionsaroundthewor1d.Po1icyResearchWorkingPapersarea1sopostedontheWebatTheauthormaybecontactedatgdemombyneswor1dbank.org.TbePo1ie
6、yResearchWorkingPaperSeriesdisseminatestfjefindingsofuforkinprogresstoencouragetbeexchanfofideasaboutdeiv1opmentissues.Anob/ecfhvoftheseriesistogtbrfindingoutquickfy,ev/矿Vpresentationsare1essthanJu1bfpo1ished.Thepaperscanythena/Ncs7vauthorsandshou1dbeCittdacmrdiy.Thefinding,inttrrprrtations,andconc1
7、usionsexpressedinthispaperareentin1yt1nseoftbrauthors.Theydonotnecessari1yrepresent1he,ienfsof1beIn1emationa1BankforReeons1rtictionandDeveZopruent/Wor1dBankanditsaffi1iatedorni:ations,orthoseoftheEixeeuZhvDirectorsoftheWor1dIiankorthefpifemmentstheyrepresent.ProducedbytheResearchSupport,eam1earningP
8、overtyatthe1oca11eve1inCo1ombiaGabrie1Demombynes*Wor1dBankJE1C1assification:124Keywords:Co1ombia,education,1earningpoverty“Wor1dBankPractice1eaderforHumanDeve1opmentforCo1ombiaandVenezue1a.Correspondingemai1:gdemombyneswor1dbank.org.TheauthorthanksDianaCata1inaCon1rerasCeba11osandAnge1aGrangerforexc
9、e11entresearchassistanceand1uisBenvenisteandJoaoPedroWagnerDeAzevedoforhe1pfu1suggestions.IntroductionMeasuresOf44Ieamingpovertyattheg1oba1andnationa11eve1swerefirstintroducedbytheWor1dBankandUNESCOin2019andupdatedin2023(JoaoPedroAzevedo2023).Asof2019,57percentof10-year-o1dsin1ow-andmidd1e-incomecou
10、ntries(1MICs)wereunab1etoreadandunderstandasimp1etext.A1thoughcomprehensivedatapost-COVIDisnotyetavai1ab1e,awidevarietyofstudieshavefoundprofound1earning1ossesasaconsequenceofschoo1c1osuresduringthepandemic(seereviewinSchadyeta1.2023).Basedonthesestudies,1earningpovertyg1oba11yisprojectedtohavereach
11、ed68-71percentin1MICsin2023(JoaoPcdroAzevedoeta1.2023).1earningpovertyisahybridmeasurewhichincorporatesdataonbothschoo1enro11mentandassessments.Thismakesitsuperiortosimp1eenro11mentmeasures,aswe11astestdata,whichon1yref1ecttheperformanceofthosewhoareenro11ed.The1earningpovertyconceptandestimateshave
12、provenhigh1yusefu1todrawg1oba1attentiontothedeep1earningcrisisthataff1ictedmuchofthewor1devenbeforethepandemicaswe11astheextentof1earning1osses.Reducing1earningpovertyhasbecomeac1arionca11oftheWor1dBank,UNESCO,UNICEF,andtherestoftheg1oba1educationcommunity.Nationa1-1eve11earningpovertyestimateshavet
13、he1imitationthattheyconcea1within-countryvariation.Thedispersionofeducationoutcomesis1ike1ytobe1argeinsomecountries,particu1ar1ythose1ikeCo1ombiawithhigh1eve1sofinequa1ity,territoria1dispersion,anddecentra1izededucationsystems.Co1ombiahasamongthehighest1eve1sofincomeinequa1ityinthewor1dwithaGiniof51
14、.5andischaracterizedbyacenter-peripherydynamic,witheconomicactivityandnationa1po1icyfocusedsubstantia11yonBogotaandafewother1argecities.Rura1partsofthecountryandthePacificCoastregioninparticu1arhavemuchhigherpovertyratesthantheurbancenter.Whi1e1eve1sofvio1enceinmostmorurbancentershavep1ummetedfrom1e
15、ve1softhe1990sandear1y20(X)s,remoterura1areassti11areaffectedbyconf1ict,whichhas1imitedthereachofthestateandeducationinthoseareas.Theeducationsystemisdecentra1ized,withdecision-makingprincipa11yinthehandsofstate-1eve1authorities.TobetterunderstandthedistributionineducationoutcomesacrossCo1ombia,weex
16、tendthe1earningpovertymeasuretoestimate1oca1-1eve11earningpoverty.Unique1yamongcountriesin1atinAmericaandtheCaribbean,Co1ombiahasconductednationa11eve11earningassessmentswhichinc1udea11students.Thisdata,combinedwithprimaryenro11mentdatafromnationa1censusdatamakesitpossib1etoproduce1earningpovertyfora111,122municipa1itiesinCo1o
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