戴维栋语言学.docx

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1、Chapter 1 IntroductionLHow to interpret the definition of linguistic: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theoryof language structure. In order to discover the nature and rul

2、es of the underlying language system, what the linguist has todo first is to observe and collect language fhets, which arc found to display some similarities, and generalizations arc madeabout them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language stnicturc. But the hypotheses thus fbnned have

3、to becheeked repeatedly against the observed facts to fiilly prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, dataand theory stand in a dialectical complementation.Z.Diachronic linguistics vs. Synchronic linguisticsDiachronic linguistics: eg. study the change in the sound system of

4、English from Old English to Modem English.Synchronic linguistics eg. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeares time.3. How is Saussure distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomskys distinction between competenceand performance?Langue and paroleProposed by Swiss linguists

5、F. de |Saussurc (sociological view)a. Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech communityb. Parole: refers to the realization of langue in actual useIn Saussurc opinion, parole is simply a mass of linguistic facts, too varied and confiising for systematic

6、investigation, and what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole.Competence and performanceProposed by the American linguist N, Choinsky) (psychological view)a. Competence : the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his languageb. Performance : the actual realization of knowledge in lin

7、guistic communication.Similar to Saussure, Chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is the ideal speakers competence, not hisperformance, which is too haphazard(杂乱无章的)to be studied. Although a speaker possess an internalized setof mles and applies them in actual use, he cannot tell exactly wh

8、at these rules arc. So the task of the linguists is todiscover and specify these rules.(比较Saussure和Chomsky的两对概念的异同)1. Saussure5s distinction and Chomskys are very similar.2. They differ at least in that Saussure took sociological view of language and his notion of langue is amatter of social convent

9、ions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and tohim competence is a property of the mind of each individual.4. Functions of language:The three main functions of language are the descriptive fimction, the expressive function, and the socialfunction.Jakobson identifies six

10、 functions of language, namely, emotive, conative, referential, poetic, phaticcommunication, matalingustic.The meta-functions of language are the ideational function, the interpersonal function and the textualfunction.5. Speech vs. WritingSpeech and writing are the two major media of linguistic comm

11、unication. Modern linguistics regardsthe spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language.6. Traditional Grammar vs. Modern GrammarPrescriptive & Descriptive7. Linguistics includes Micro-Linguistics and Macro-Linguistics.1. Branches of Micro-Linguistics:(1) Phonetics: it studie

12、s the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2) Phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication;(3) Morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged andcombined to form words;(4) Syntax: it studies the rules w

13、hich govern how words are combined to form grammaticallypcnnissiblc sentences in languages;(5) Semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6) Pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.2. Branches of Macro-Linguistics:(1) Psycholinguistics: it studies language and its

14、relation with psychology.(2) Sociolinguistics: it studies all social aspects of language and its relation with society form thecore of the branch.(3) Applied linguistics: it studies the applications of language to the solution of practical problems.Narrowly, it is the application of linguistic theor

15、ies and principles to language teaching, especiallythe teaching of foreign and second languages.(4) Other branches, such as computational linguistics, neurolinguistics.Chapter 2 Phonology and Phonetics1. Some rules in phonology(1) Sequential rulesThere are rules that govern the combination of sounds

16、 in a particular language, and these rules arecalled sequential rules.(2) Assimilation ruleThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by copying II a feature of a sequentialphoneme, thus making the two phones similar. Assimilation of neighboring sounds is, fbr the most part,caused by articulatory or physiological processes. When vve spe