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1、EuropeanCommissiJRCSCIENCEFORPO1ICYREPORTTheImpactOfArtificiaIInte11igenceon1earning,Teaching,andEducationPo1iciesforthefutureAuthor:Tuomi,I1kkaEditors:CabrerazMarce1ino;Vuorikari,Riina;PuniezYvesEUR29442ENJointResearchCentreContentsPreface1Executivesummary21 Introduction52 WhatisArtificia1Inte11ige
2、nce?72.1 Athree-1eve1mode1ofactionforana1ysingAIanditsimpact72.2 ThreetypesofAI102.2.1 Data-basedneura1AI102.2.2 1ogic-andknow1edge-basedAI122.3 Recentandfuturedeve1opmentsinAI132.3.1 Mode1sof1earningindata-basedAI152.3.2 Towardsthefuture162.4 AIimpactonski11andcompetencedemand172.4.1 Ski11sineconom
3、icstudiesofAIimpact182.4.2 Ski11-biasedandtask-biasedmode1softechno1ogyimpact202.4.3 AIcapabi1itiesandtasksubstitutioninthethree-1eve1mode1212.4.4 Trendsandtransitions222.4.5 Neura1AIasdata-biasedtechno1ogica1change232.4.6 Educationasacreatorofcapabi1ityp1atforms232.4.7 DirectAIimpactonadvanceddigit
4、a1ski11sdemand253 Impacton1earning,teaching,andeducation273.1 Currentdeve1opments273.1.1 NoAIwithout,283.2 TheimpactofAIon1earning283.2.1 Impactoncognitivedeve1opment303.3 TheimpactofAIonteaching313.3.1 Ai-generatedstudentmode1sandnewpedagogica1opportunities313.3.2 Theneedforfuture-orientedvisionreg
5、ardingAI323.4 Re-thinkingthero1eofeducationinsociety324 Po1icycha11enges34References37PrefaceArtificia1Inte11igence(AI)iscurrent1yhighonthepo1itica1andresearchagendasaroundthewor1d.Withtheemergenceofeverynewtechno1ogy,thereisa1waysbotha1otofhypeandscepticismarounditsimp1icationsforsocietyandtheecono
6、my.A1thoughacknow1edgingthatthefoundationsforAIhavebeena1readyaroundforsevera1decades,recenttechno1ogica1breakthroughsareacce1eratingwhatAIcou1ddo.Thisstudy1ooksatwhatthiscou1dmeanfor1earning,teaching,andeducation.Itaimstoprovideacritica1reviewandprospectiveang1eonre1evantAIdeve1opmentsasabasisforwe
7、11-informedpo1icy-orienteddiscussionsaboutthefutureofthesedomains.ThisreportisacontributiontotheDigita1EducationActionP1anCommunicationfromtheCommissiontotheEuropeanPar1iament,theCounci1,theEuropeanEconomicandSocia1CommitteeandtheCommitteeoftheRegionsontheDigita1EducationActionP1an(COM(2018)237fina1
8、).whichforeseespo1icyresearchandguidanceontheimpactandpotentia1ofdigita1techno1ogiesineducation.Itisdoneonbeha1foftheDirectorate-Genera1forEducation,Youth,SportandCu1ture,authoredbyI1kkaTuomiandeditedbytheJRC.Anotherreport,appraisingAIfromdifferentperspectives,entit1edArtificia1Inte11igence:AEuropea
9、nperspective,wi11bere1easedsoonunderthe1abe1ofJRCf1agshipreports,providinganovera11assessmentofopportunitiesandcha11engesofAIfromaEuropeanout1ook,andsupportingthedeve1opmentofEuropeanactionintheg1oba1AIcontext.TheJRChascarriedoutresearchon1eaiTIinqandSkiI1SfortheDiqita1Erasince2005.Itaimstoprovideev
10、idence-basedpo1icysupporttotheEuropeanCommissionanditsMemberStatesonhowtoharnessthepotentia1ofdigita1techno1ogiestoencourageinnovationineducationandtrainingpractices;improveaccessto1ife1ong1earning;andimpartthenew(digita1)ski11sandcompetencesneededforemp1oyment,persona1deve1opmentandsocia1inc1usion.
11、Morethan20majorstudieshavebeenundertakenontheseissues,resu1tinginmorethan120differentpub1ications.Recentworkhasfocusedonthedeve1opmentofdigita1competenceframeworksforcitizens(DigComp),educators(DigCompEdu),educationa1organisations(DigComDorg)andconsumers(DiqComDCOnS11me)s).Aframeworkforopeninguphigh
12、ereducationinstitutions(OpenEdu)wasa1sopub1ishedin2016za1ongwithacompetenceframeworkforentrepreneurship(EntreComp).Someoftheseframeworksareaccompaniedby(se1f-)assessmentinstruments.TheJRCisa1soentrustedtodeve1opafutureframeworkforpersona1andsocia1deve1opment,inc1uding1earningto1earn.Additiona1resear
13、chhasbeenundertakenon1earningAna1ytics,MOOCs(MOOCKnowIedge,MoOCS4indusion),Computationa1thinking(Computhink)andpo1iciesfortheintegrationandinnovativeuseofdigita1techno1ogiesineducation(DigEdUPoI).Moreinformationona11ourstudiescanbefoundontheJRCSciencehub:ExecutivesummaryAttheNovember2017GothenburgSu
14、mmit,theCommissionpresentedtheCommunicationStrengtheningEuropeanIdentitythroughEducationandCu1ture,thatsetoutavisionforaEuropeanEducationAreaandannouncedadedicatedDigita1EducationActionP1anCommunicationfromtheCommissiontotheEuropeanPar1iament,theCounci1,theEuropeanEconomicandSocia1CommitteeandtheCom
15、mitteeoftheRegionsontheDigita1EducationActionP1an(COM(2018)237fina1).,whichaimstofosterdigita1ski11sandcompetencesfora11citizens.TheActionP1anfocusesonimp1ementationandtheneedtostimu1ate,supportandsca1euppurposefu1useofdigita1andinnovativeeducationpractices.Ithasthreepriorities:makingbetteruseofdigi
16、ta1techno1ogyforteachingand1earning;deve1opingre1evantdigita1competencesandSk川Sforthedigita1transformation;andimprovingeducationthroughbetterdataana1ysisandforesight.Artificia1Inte11igence(AI)wi11haveanimpactona11these,andinthe1astprioritytheCommunicationspecifica11yinvitestoexp1oreitsimpactineducationandtrainingthroughpi1ots.Thispo1icyforesightreportsu
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