储能分析报告.docx

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1、Technical ReportNREUTP-6A20-71714November 20182018 U.S. Utility-Scale Photovoltaics- Plus-Energy Storage System Costs BenchmarkNREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLCThis report

2、 is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308AcknowledgmentsThis work was authored by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Ene

3、rgy (DOE) under Contract No. DE- AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided by U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Solar Energy Technologies Office. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Gove

4、rnment retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.List of Ac

5、ronymsAC BOS CAESDC DOE EPCHVACILR LCOSLi PV SG&Aalternating currentbalance of systemcompressed air energy storagedirect currentU.S. Department of Energyengineering, procurement, and construction heating, ventilating, and air conditioning inverter loading ratio Ievelized cost of storage lithium phot

6、ovoltaic(s)selling, general, and administrative11Executive SummaryThe recent rapid growth of utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) deployment and the declining costs of energy storage technologies have stimulated interest in combining PV with energy storage to provide dispatchable energy (i.e., energy on

7、demand) and reliable capacity (i.e., grid stability). In particular, the use of lithium-ion batteries in U.S. utility-scale applications has grown in recent years owing to the technologys favorable cost and performance characteristics. This study is our first time to use bottom-up modeling to benchm

8、ark the installed costs of various standalone lithium-ion storage (with storage connected to the grid only) and PV-plus-storage (with storage connected to PV and the grid) system configurations. The PV-plus-storage configurations include 1) co-located PV-plus-storage systems vs. PV-plus-storage syst

9、ems in different locations, and 2) direct current (DC) coupled vs. alternating current (AC) coupled battery configurations for the co-located PV-plus-storage systems.Figure ES-I shows the modeled costs of standalone lithium-ion energy storage systems with an installed capacity of 60 MW able to provi

10、de electricity for several different durations. Assuming a constant per-energy-unit battery price of $209/kWh, the system costs vary from $380/kWh (4- hour duration system) to S895kWh (0.5-hour duration system). The battery cost accounts for 55% of total system cost in the 4-hour system, but only 23

11、% in the 0.5-hour system. At the same time, non-baltery cost categories accounts for an increasing proportion of the system cost as duration declines.Figure ES-1. 2018 U.S. utility-scale lithium-ion standalone storage costs for durations of 0.5-4hours (60 MWdc)iiiFigure ES-2 summarizes our PV-plus-s

12、torage model results for several system types and configurations. Each uses a IOO-MW PV system and a 60-MW lithium-ion battery that provides 4 hours of storage: Standalone 1OO-MW PV system with one-axis tracking ($111 million) Standalone 60-MW240-MWh, 4-hour-duration energy storage system ($91 milli

13、on) Co-located, DC-coupled PV (100 MW) plus storage (60 MW/240 MWh, 4-hour duration) system ($186 million) Co-located, AC-coupled PV (100 MW) plus storage (60 MW/240 MWh, 4-hour duration) system ($188 million) PV (100 MW) plus storage (60 MW/240 MWh, 4-hour duration) system with PV and storage compo

14、nents sited in different locations ($202 million)Co-Iocating the PV and storage subsystems produces cost savings by reducing costs related to site preparation, land acquisition, permitting, interconnection, installation labor, hardware (via sharing of hardware such as switchgears, transformers, and

15、controls), overhead, and profit. The cost of the co-located, DC-coupled system is 8% lower than the cost of the system with PV and storage sited separately, and the cost of the co-Iocated, AC-coupled system is 7% lower.Using DC-coupling rather than AC-coupling results in a 1% lower total cost, which

16、 is the net result of cost differences between DC-coupling and AC-coupling in the categories of solar inverter, structural balance of system (BOS), electrical BOS, labor, EPC (engineering, procurement, and construction) and developer overhead, sales tax, contingency, and profit. For an actual project, however, cost savings may not be the only factor in choosing DC or AC couplin