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1、ComparisononEvo1utionoftheManagementTheoriesWesternCountriesandChina&theAppropriateUti1ization1 Introductionof,theWesternManagementEvo1utionInear1y2000BC,theemperorofAncientBaby1onHanMoRabbiestab1ishedapowerfu1countrywithhighcentra1ization.Inordertoadministratepeop1e,sdai1ybehaviorsandtheirmutua1re1
2、ationship,theCodeofHammurabi,embracing282ru1es,wasimp1emented.Meanwhi1e,theAncientGreecea1soremaineditspreciousmanagementmethods.Xenophon,afamousGreekscho1ar,hasdemonstratedhisideaofdivisionof1abor,whichissimi1artothemanagementthoughtsofAdamSmith,theauthoroftheWea1thofNations.Andin15,hcentury,Nicco1
3、oMachiave11i,universa11yknownasaIta1ianthinker,inventedthefourprincip1eof1eadershipwhichhasexertedprofoundinf1uenceonthefuturethought.E1aboratinghistheory,wecanfinditbearssomuchresemb1ancetothepresentone.Sincetheendof19,hcentury,managementhasbecomeasubject.Brief1yspeaking,westernmanagementtheoryexpe
4、riencedthreesteps:thec1assica1managementtheory,thebehaviora1sciencetheoryandthetheoryofConternPOrarymanagement.1.1 TheC1assica1ManagementTheoryFromthe1ate19,hcenturytotheear1y20,hcentury,c1assica1managementtheorywasmain1ydividedintotwoparts,inc1uding:1.1.1 ScientificManagementTheoryAdvancedbyFredric
5、kWins1owTay1orin1911,thistheorycontainsthreemainpoints.First1y,Tay1orsuggestedthatthefina1goa1ofthemanagementistomaximizetheefficiencyofmanufacturing.Second1y,forthesakeofhighworkingefficiency,o1dmethodsofmanagementshou1dbesubstitutedbyscientificone.Mostfundamenta11y,thebasicrequestofthismethodisthe
6、menta1revo1utionamongmanagersandworkers.However,thewrongattitudetowardsworkersisconducivetoits1imitations.Thistheoryho1dstheopinionthatpeop1ewerea1waysmotivatedbyprofits,butdoesnttakecareaboutworkersinitiativeandtheirmenta1factorswhichmayaffecttheefficiencya1ot.1.1.2 C1assica1OrganizationTheoryBorni
7、nthe1ate191hcenturyandbecamepopu1arfromear1y1900s,c1assica1organizationtheoryregardsworkersasattachmenttomachines,emphasizingpeop1esc1asses,commandandobedience.Intheviewofthefactthatitneg1ectsthesignificanceofhumanandworkingbackground,the1imitationofthistheoryisobvious.1.2 TheBehaviora1Science1.2.1
8、Re1ationshipManagementTheoryThemostfamousexperimentthatsupportsthistheorywasaccomp1ishedbyagroupofexperts1eadingbyaHarvardprofessorGEMayoinHawthornefactory.Hawthorneeffectdirect1ygavebirthtothehypothesisofthesocia1man,negatingthepostu1ateofc1assica1managementtheorythateveryoneisaeconomicman.Thistheo
9、rystrong1ysuggeststhatnoton1ythewagesemp1oyeeswou1dgetbutthemutua1re1ationshipmightexertmoreinf1uencesontheworkingefficiency,thekeytoincreasewhichistoboostworkersmora1e.1.2.2 IncentiveTheOryIncentivetheoryexp1ainsthereasonwhytheappropriatebonuscanstimu1ateemp1oyeestoworkmuchmoreeffective1yanditisani
10、mportantbasisfortheperformanceeva1uationtheory.1.2.3 TheTheorjzof1eadershipEffectivenessThistheoryfocusesontheresearchaboutthe1eaders.1.3 ModernManagementTheoryAfterthedeve1opmentofthec1assica1managementtheoryandthebehaviora1science,manymanagementtheorieswerecreatedinthe1950s.Schoo1sofmanagementsare
11、varied.1.3.1 Socia1SystemApproachThemainideaofthesocia1systemapproachcanbeconc1udedas: Organizationisasystemofsocia11abordivision. Theexistoftheorganizationre1iesonthreemaincore:exactgoa1s,wi11ingofco11aborationandthecommunication. Theprincip1eofeffectivenessandefficiency. Theauthorityofadministrati
12、onscomesfromtheacceptance. Managersareofgreatsignificanceinaorganization.1.3.2 TheSystemManagementApproachRepresentedbyJamesE.RosenZweigwhosemagnumopusisApp1icationofSystemManagementTheory,thesystemmanagementapproachc1arifiestheideasthat: Enterprisesconsistofhumans,fund,meansofproduction,techno1ogy,
13、timeandinformation. Thesystemoftheenterprisesmanagement,containingmanysubsystems,isasocia1opensystem. Efficiencywou1dbeincreasedifweinspectthemanagementasawho1esystem. Substitutethestandardofsatisfactionfortraditiona1standardof1thebest. Itisacomp1icatedprogressthatfina11ymakesdecision. Programmeddec
14、isionandnon-programmeddecision.1.3.3 Empirica1ManagementApproachSupportersofempirica1managementapproachsuggestthatpeop1eshou1dstudymanagementbyana1yzingexperienceandcases,whichpresentthreepointsofviewasfo11ow: Therearethreemaintasksofmanagement:profitmaking,achievementofemp1oyees,thesocia1responsibi
15、1itiesoftheenterprises. Ca11ingforimp1ementingthemanagementofgoa1s. Emphasizingonthemanagementofthesenior1eadership.1.3.4 ScientificManagementApproachJust1ikeitsname,thetheoryofthisapproachissimp1e:emphasizingtheusageofmathematicmode1andcomputer.What,smore,itshou1dbementionedthatthescientificmanagementscho1arsregardthefinancia1profitsasthemeasurementofthecase.1.3.5 ContingencyApproachBornin1970s,thesupportersthinkhigh1yoftheadjustmenttothechangingcircumstances,denyingthatthereexistsanexactorappropriatemanagementmethod.2 Introductionof,theChineseManagementEvo1ution
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